When Dalinar first goes to meet the Nightwatcher and he sees Cultivation as well, presumably.
He does.
They are surrounded by a green mist. So is that mist comparable to Preservation's mist on Scadrial? Would that be like "Cultivationlight?"
Yes, that is in the same sort of vein.
I read Skyward, like, two weeks ago, I finished it in two nights. It was honestly one of my favorite books I've ever read, and I can't wait to see where it goes.
Thank you! Book two is done.
I'm excited to see what-- I need to read, uh, about the "Defense of Elysium"?
Yeah, yeah, Defending Elysium, it's free on my website. It'll tie-in in ways that you'll find interesting. One of my very first short stories.
I'm super, super excited to see it. I loved the whole idea of when they're peering into the stars, it's like they're looking back with hatred. It's awesome.
I was wondering about the pictures in the cover of this [Oathbringer]. Are they specific characters in the book, or just art?
They are the Heralds. I went to some artists and said, "Do me your rendition of something that would be on the Sistine Chapel in-world for the Heralds," so that's four of the ten. So that is what we ended up with.
I was intrigued ever since I saw your State of the Sanderson about Death Without Pizza.
It's good. I'm one chapter, or no I guess it's like three chapters. I'm one day's work away from finishing my revision, to then kick it back to Peter [Orullian]. I'm really, really excited how it's turning out. He knows his metal culture really well, and one of the tricks has been integrating that without making it feel jokey and things like that. I'm very pleased with how it's going.
What kind of metal influences were you going for?
...Peter really likes the lyrical metal like that, like Dreamtheater. I don't know my subgenres very well, but Apocalyptica gets a mention, that's one I knew, Dragonforce gets a mention, I knew them. But I guess Dragonforce is the same subgenre. My job is worldbuilding and plot, and his job is character voice and making sure all of that works. I'm fascinated by it all.
So is he more in the editing process, or is he an official co-writer?
He's a co-writer! I came up with the plot and the worldbuilding, I sent it to him, he wrote the whole first draft. Now I'm doing the next draft and then I'm kicking it back to him to do another pass and make sure the voice still matches, and then we'll take it out to publishers.
What's the character's name?
The main character's name is Jack Solomon.
Are we ever gonna see more names for specific types of Twinborns?
Yes, I intend to do more of those as the Eras progress. There are so many to name that I don't know that I'll ever release a chart of all of them, and partially I don't want to canonize names because I might decide something sounds cooler for when I actually use that person's powers in a book.
Are we ever gonna see a Twinborn who has Feruchemical iron and Allomantic pewter, and he's pretty much-- sort of like how Ham was training Vin about how to use her body, and we just gonna see this amazing martial artist on a massive scale?
It is totally possible. I'm not gonna promise any given combination, 'cause the-- I've changed several times the powersets of characters while I'm planning, so.
Besides Hoid, are we ever going to see people with powers from multiple worlds? Like, a Pewterarm Stoneward?
This is inevitable, but I don't think you should be expecting it soon. But it is absolutely an inevitability that this will become part of the story.
We know that Hoid took a bead of lerasium, but it never specifically says that he consumed it.
Yes, he did.
Alright, so he is a Mistborn?
Yes, I'll go ahead and canonize that.
Does Hoid have any Hemalurgic spikes?
I will RAFO that one.
Is Trell a Shard of Adonalsium?
I will RAFO that one too, I'm afraid.
Will Adolin ever become a Knight Radiant?
That's a RAFO!
Will Dalinar become the next holder of Honor.
Hahahaha, yeah-- RAFO.
Are you ever gonna make an official quiz that sorts people into Knights-- Knights Radiant?
You know, I'm less likely to do a quiz and more likely to do a list of-- kind of attributes and traits and requirements. I feel that some people are more likely to be able to sort themselves than a quiz sorting them. Granted, it does depend on the spren also, so there are two parties in this. And so, you don't have absolute influence over which order you might end up in. But it is possible to be viable as a candidate for multiple orders and it also is going to depend on the spren.
Darksiders have almost as advanced technology as second Era Scadrians.
Yes.
But then we see Darksiders in The Secret-- in Mistborn: The Secret History. So are they gonna be the first spacefarers, are they gonna get there before Scadrians?
So, where it is right now is that certain things have happened to Taldain that have isolated it and cut it off.
Yeah, a little bit in Arcanum Unbounded talked about that.
And some-- they're under-- going through some difficult times, let's say... So, I will RAFO whether or not they're going to make it first to make it to space, but let's just say they were well on target to making it first before certain events happened.
Are the Ones Above in Sixth of the Dusk Third Era Scadrians?
I haven't revealed that. That's a good guess, though.
Does the Fourth Ideal of Knights Radiant for Windrunners go something like "I will forgive myself for those I've failed to protect"?
I will put you on the record for having guessed that, but you won't find the answer until a Windrunner is capable of figuring it out.
Lots of people have transversed the worlds. Will the Sleepless ever do that?
The Sleepless have in the past.
Are we gonna see more of the girl from The Emperor's Soul?
You will probably see at least a cameo from Shai. But I do have a second story outlined now, but I don't know when I have time or would have time to write it, so we will see if I can make that happen or not.
Will we have a full-fledged story on the other part of Elantris, that Shai is on?
I think it's likely, but I can't promise it. But it's equally likely right now that we will-- I will outline a new graphic novel series, as to I will just do a story, but I can't one hundred percent promise.
Have you ever considered combining Alcatraz and The Reckoners?
Not seriously, but Alcatraz, you can never tell what he'll do.
Does Calamity have any relations to Shards, at all?
No. People see relationships, that's 'cause, it's just my writing style does tend to follow similar themes. I did not imagine Calamity as a Shard.
I've seen a lot of forum posts about the mistcloaks themselves. What is the standard wear underneath those?
So there isn't a lot of standardization, because Mistborn are rare and each Mistborn commissions their own cloak. Most of the time, I think you're going to find that they would wear a buttoning shirt with short sleeves. Probably something dark would be my guess, probably a dark gray. But it just really depends on the person.
Okay. I was thinking about working up a Mistborn cosplay--
My theme for clothing other than miscloaks was a look a little of-- Dickensian London was my inspiration, so.
Why didn't Hoid take the second bead of lerasium?
Hoid knew that if he did so, bad things would happen.
When's Hoid's birthday?
I have not said when Hoid's birthday is. Because it's on Yolen, I don't even know if the days will line up, when we finally get there, to our world.
If an Inquisitor went to Roshar, would they be a lighteyes or darkeyes?
If an Inquisitor went to Roshar, they would probably be like someone who has heterochromia, one eye of each, meaning people don't know what to do with them and they are very awkward with trying to figure out how to treat them. The society breaks down a little bit when you run into anything that ruins their perfect system. Which is not so perfect, obviously.
Is there a combination of two Surges that you wouldn't normally see, that'd be fun to write about.
Oh yeah. It was actually a tough decision to let myself-- make myself put them in the groupings that I did. Because my brain naturally wants to say, "What about this, what about this?"
What would be really interesting, you could do really cool things as a Stoneward with manipulating matter and changing it and stuff, and then burning things into it with-- whichever power that is-- [Division]... I should know. Well, I should know. But I always go look at the list. The Dustbringer power. But I think you could do really interesting sculpture type stuff with that. With the burning, you could add color to the things, to an extent. Like grayscale? But it's not really something that's built into the magic.
So, who's your favorite Planeswalker or like-- color of mana to play?
Can I say my own Planeswalker?
That's because you did write--
I did! If you throw my Davriel out, because obviously I'm gonna pick my own, let's see, who is my favorite? Ashiok is probably my favorite, just because they have such an interesting look to them and I like the powerset, that's the way I like to play, and there's so much mystery about Ashiok, so Ashiok. If we're talking about one that's actually had a story written about them, I really love how they handled Urza, just because you'd expect Urza to be very Gandalf-y and wise, and he was kind of, you know, that black side to Urza was really cool to me. And so-- yeah, there you go.
Trell, who is he? Or if you're not going to reveal that, when will you...
It's going to take a little while to dig into that. It's going to need Mistborn Era 3, is all the Trell stuff.
But I want more Wayne! Wayne is amazing!
I know! We've got one more book of Wayne. Wax and Wayne 4, we still got a book of Wayne. And then in Era 3, you'll be able to read the comic books in-world based on Wayne. So that'll be a part of it as well. You'll get a little touch of Wayne in there as well.
In White Sand 2, you changed the artist.
Yes, that was-- we didn't want to do that, I actually hate doing that, but it was with-- keeping-- meeting deadlines and things we were having trouble with the old artist, and so we just needed to make the switch so that we could get the books out. And that's the thing I like the least about the comics industry, artists changing, it's really-- yeah. But it is something that had to happen, so we made the call. We do intend that the sec- now this artist will do the book three, so we shouldn't change again, but, yeah.
With the Dark One comic, which we're working on right now, one of the things I've said up front is we need an artist to make sure that we don't ever change, because I really don't like doing that, I like the same visual style.
Yeah, it's like an actor doing this huge thing--
Yeah, yeah, and then you get a new actor, it's like-- who?
You always come up with new ideas for books, when you have so many to write as is, that you've recently started to go from saying things like, "Whenever I get to this book," like the Threnody novel, to, "If I ever get to it." Would you ever let another author write for Cosmere?
That is possible. Isaac [Stewart], my art director and long friend for, you know, fifteen years, who's been collaborating on the visual style of Mistborn, really wants to write a Mistborn novel set on one of the Southern Continent places off by itself and I'm intrigued by this idea, 'cause he's somebody I've worked with for so long. So we might see how that happens. So far I haven't been willing to collaborate on any Cosmere stuff, but it's p-- I could see it happening.
Are birds native to Roshar?
Birds are not native to Roshar.
...Did they come over with the initial humans?
They did. The humans brought them over, along with a lot of other beasts. Like, horses aren't native to Roshar either. You can tell pretty easily the non-native things. Like, Roshar doesn't have any grapes. So the word wine got genericized in the same the way that the word chicken did. You'll see bunches of that. Like the way the weather works. Roshar does not have weather patterns like Ashyn did. They're used to seasons. Suddenly, the words for the seasons, all these weird things that you may have been wondering through the first couple of books, you're like, "Oh I see why they just call hard alcohol a wine," or, "I see why they call everything a chicken." It's kind of related to this.
Shallan's story? Do we get to find out about when she first bonded a spren?
Yep. I will get to that.
I have a question about the epilogue in The Way of Kings. You have Wit give this interesting, kind of philosophical-- sermon-thing on novelty. I wonder, what do you think about what he's saying, do you--
Usually those little things that Wit will do, he does one at the end of each book, are things I've thought about. I don't always one hundred percent agree with Wit. He tends to hyperbolize in order to make a point, but I do think it's really interesting that novelty is so important to us. Even if you did something independently, but come up with it after someone else, then it's not considered as great an art, right? Which is really, really, really interesting if you think about it. And I love that idea, and I like talking about that sort of thing, so these-- All of Wit's little monologues--there's one, like I've said, at the end of each book--is something I think about, but he goes off in his own direction sometimes.
I've used that little monologue in some philosophy class that I've in, such as philosophy of art.
I did take a-- I took a lot of philosophy classes, if you can't tell, during my undergraduate years. I was quite fond of philosophy. Though the philosophers were all really needed to learn how to write. Man, those guys just, I mean, paragraphs like this that don't really even say anything. I love the ideas, but man, they could use editors. But, yeah, I enjoyed my philosophy classes, and I really liked philosophy of art in particular, it's very interesting to me. The whole Oscar Wilde's intro to Dorian Gray is my favorite speech on art, that all art is, by necessity, useless. Stuff like that really, really gets me going.
Hoid, Yolen, are you working on Dragonsteel?
Working on, is kind of vague term for me knowing I'm going to write it someday, but it comes after The Stormlight Archive.
I have so many questions about Hoid, I'm always googling it, I know people are asking you, but--
I came up with a really great idea, finally. For years-- so the first story I-- okay not the very first story, because the very first story I wrote is Dragonsteel right? So, the first Hoid story I ever wrote, I was seventeen and I wrote a story about Hoid on a planet, trying to figure out how the magic works, to investigate it, to see he wanted to bring it back and use it in his larger plot.
There, seventeen years old, the cosmere didn't really exist then. But the idea of a guy who went to different planets and investigated their magic and tried to figure out how it works, was. I wrote a whole chapter of him trying to work out how this magic worked on this planet. I had it in the back of my head and I actually just came up with an idea of how to use that.
Before you started on all of your books, did you already have an idea of how they all came together or was it a sort of--
I did by the time I was writing Mistborn. But the thing you have to know about my career is that I wrote thirteen novels before I sold one. So, in a lot of those early novels I had no idea what I was doing, that's how authors are. By the time I wrote Mistborn, which was book number fourteen--it was the second book published--but I really had an idea of what I was doing then. Elantris had to be retrofitted a bit to fit into it, because Elantris had been written when I was still figuring things out, but by Mistborn the whole thing was coming together and I had quite a good idea of what I wanted to do.
Alcatraz! Sounded as though there was gonna another book. Probably not by Alcatraz himself?
Yes, by Bastille. I've written half of it. After I wrote about half of it, I realized I wanted a little help with the voice from a friend of mine who's very good at voice. So I've been letting her look at it and offer some tweaks and suggestions. Just 'cause I want it to feel like Bastille, but it felt too much like Alcatraz when I wrote it. Like I said, it's about halfway done, 25,000 words are done and good. We just need to tweak the voice. It's probably gonna be called "Bastille vs. the Evil Librarians." It will give the real ending, not the ending Alcatraz thinks it should have.
Aether, is that how you say the book? ...Aether of Night? Is that going to get published at some point?
I will probably bring that into the mainline Cosmere. Right now, it's not in continuity because I've changed enough things about the way that Shards work, and things like that. The aethers themselves are in continuity. Mraize has some aether-- some bits of aether, in his little collection. They are in continuity somewhere, but I haven't dropped them into the actual continuity.
I was wondering if there was ever a time where you wanted to write but you were too afraid to, or if you've always just been writing?
No, as a teenager particularly, I was very nervous about my writing. I would hide my writing from my family. I was so embarrassed of the idea that they might find it and read it, and things like that. Early on, I didn't ever show my work to people. I wasn't scared of writing, but I was scared of letting anyone see it. As I got older, I got around that. I got over that, but it was kind of hard.
What happened to Rand? He's not dead?
So Robert Jordan wrote everything from Rand stumbling out of Shayol Ghul until the ending, with the exception of the Perrin scenes, which I added to that epilogue. Harriet says--his wife--says he sat laughing to himself as he wrote the scene with the pipe, but he did not tell her what it means.
Pipe?
The pipe where he-- he lit the pipe just by thinking about it.
That's also something-- he's using the Tel'aran'rhiod power to light it in the real world?
I do not know. Now, I have my theories. I think that because Rand touched the Pattern directly, when he was doing what he was doing, that he now has influence over the Pattern.
So he can change and manipulate things? But he's-
That's what I think, but Robert Jordan didn't say, and he did write those scenes himself before he passed away. So, I wrote the actual Last Battle-
All of it? That was so epic.
Yes. So he took over-- where he left was right when Rand stumbles out. The Last Battle chunk before that was me. He wrote Mat in the Tower of Ghenjei... He wrote most of Egwene in The Gathering Storm, and then little snippets of Egwene all the way through. Perrin was almost one hundred percent me; he didn't leave much on Perrin. With Rand, he wrote little chunks here and there...
So I do not know. Now, I can tell you that there in the notes that when the balefire streams, when they crossed, intertwined [Rand's] soul with Moridin's soul. And one thing that his assistant said is that the [soul] that wanted to live found the body that was going to live, and the [soul] that wanted to die found the body that was dying. And that's what happened.
They swapped bodies because he had this thing-- Why didn't he go in and say "hey everybody?" ...He didn't want to be with his family and friends anymore?
I think he probably came back-- He just needed a break. I'm pretty sure that he eventually let them know, but he just needed a little time. So, but I don't know for sure.
I thought it was super cool, going in, the chase between Slayer and Perrin.
I had a lot of fun with that scene.
...Also, you told me last time I saw you, that Tel'aran'rhiod is basically-- Is that kind of where you got the idea of the parallel universe in the other books?
Yeah, Shadesmar. Shadesmar you can tie directly back to my love of Tel'aran'rhiod. It's kind of mixed with that in my love of some ancient Greek philosophy things that are not that important, but yeah.
The Skybreakers, are they from the old Radi-- the old Shard?
Yes, they've still been around. Not all of them. They aren't still alive-- The ones back then are not still alive, but they have an unbroken chain. The only Order that has that. They're the only one that didn't abandon their Oaths.
Moash killed a god? One of the Heralds?
He did. One of the Heralds. And trapped his soul so he couldn't be reborn.
That's what it is. Trapped his soul, didn't actually kill him?
It's killed him-- It was like, extra killed. The Heralds are bound to a cycle of rebirth that happens-- that they wanted to make sure didn't happen that time.
So at the end of Sixth of the Dusk, there's those people that travel in space.
Yes, the Ones Above.
Are those people from Silverlight?
I have not revealed where they're from, but they are from a place you have seen before.
Is Dalinar Unity because he's the combination of all three Shards, through the Thrill, the boon and curse, and the Stormfather?
So, I'm leaving that as a RAFO, Read and Find Out, but that's a very good theory.
Would Dalinar or Kaladin like Kelsier?
You know, I think they both would have their issues with Kelsier.
'Cause he's more of a rogue.
It would really depend on what situation they were in. But I think Dalinar would not approve of his methods. And I think Kaladin would empathize with him, but at the end would not approve either. To Kaladin he would probably represent the things that Kaladin kind of wishes he would do, but is too moral to do. And that would be a dangerous thing for Kaladin.
Hoid references a place [in The Traveler] where, there's a presumption in the question, presumably he thinks he might be able to restore something he's lost. As of Oathbringer has he visited that place?
*hesitantly* Visited the place?
Visited the pace he thought he could restore?
I won't say a hundred percent if it's a place.
Where did he hear about it from?
Hear about what? Give me the exact line, if you would.
Yeah, I can look it up for you. "Besides, I've heard of a place... it doesn't matter, I don't care."
Okay, so he has visited that place he is referencing, but the place is not what he wants to restore.
Thanks for the clarification. Who did he hear about it from?
I will RAFO that.
Is Hoid like-- Would you say he's generally well known in Silverlight? Most people know who he is?
Yes. Yes, I would say he is fairly well known in Silverlight. If you went to your average person in Silverlight and said, "Do you know this guy?" odds are they would know. There are some people who wouldn't, but odds are they would.
Are you cameo'ing as a [Seventeenth Shard] character, worldhopper, in any of your books?
You know, I haven't really wanted to do that, I'm not sure why. If we did movies, I would want cameos. But I haven't cameo'd myself in the books. I was tempted more in Wheel of Time than in my own books. But, I think since we already have this connection thing happening with Hoid and stuff, I don't want to imply that I am Hoid or something like this, if that makes sense. Clive Cussler did that, it was always fun to find him in the book. I don't know, it's never been something that I wanted to do.
There's just kind of a Where's Waldo for him.
When I first started this, I wanted Hoid to be a real thing, so I was putting this in. I feel like if I started doing cameos for me also, one would be silly and one would not be, and it'd kind of confuse the--
My question was about Hemalurgy. There was a disagreement on the last Shardcast. When spiking a Mistborn to charge a Hemalurgic spike, does it matter how the Mistborn is killed or is what power is stolen based only on the metal?
So you want to place the spike in a specific place.
In the donor. In the recipient, not the donor.
In the recipient. And you want to use the specific metal and so basically if you aren't precise about how you spike, you risk taking the wrong thing within the same family. Some of those, that's not as big a deal, but for some it is kind of a big deal. And so you want to be very precise, you'll get something, but if you're not placing the spike in the right place and going into the right place, then you risk it.
You risk stealing the wrong thing.
Yeah. Now if you're going off of somebody who's not a Mistborn, you can be a little more flexible, but you still have the danger that you're not going to end up stealing the power, you're going to steal something else. So, precision is advisable, how about that?
Yeah. Because the question was kind of specifically about, like, we know that atium spikes can kill-- can steal pretty much any power.
Yes. You want to be super precise with your atium spike.
So, part of the question was like, exactly, if you just killed a Mistborn, you stab a Mistborn in the heart with an atium spike, and you're not placing it immediately--
What do you end up with? You are rolling the dice, let's say. Not as big a roll of the dice as you might think, but you still are. You might not get what you want.
And then when you place the spike on the recipient, if you like tore that spike out again and put it in someone else, you're not going to be able to get more than one power out of it?
No. No, and if you place the spike in the wrong place, then you're going to end up with interference and things like this where the spike might just not work the way you want it to. Taking a spike and putting it in the wrong place in someone is not going to make them have a different power, in other words.
Dalinar Ascends, right? Like, right then, there.
I have RAFO'd that. Whether he is Ascending or not is a RAFO.
Okay, because I know he kind of mentions from that, I don't know how to say his name but the older guy who has the Diagram--
Taravangian, yeah. Whether that deserves to be a capital "A" or not is a matter of argument. It can be disputed.
I guess my main question would just be Dalinar's now able to pull Stormlight and give it to people now.
He definitely can. That is a Bondsmith power, so.
That is a Bondsmith power, okay.
That is specifically a Bondsmith power.
Because my roommate was saying well, the Stormfather was surprised he could do that or was the Stormfather surprised that he was able to bridge--
He was surprised by what was happening to Dalinar as a whole.
Oh okay, that's what I thought because I was like, because I felt like the Stormlight, that power would be a Bondsmith power.
Let's say that the Stormfather and Odium were seeing something in Dalinar that, perhaps, the average person watching even who is knowledgeable about Surges would not completely understand... But he will be able to use that power and Bondsmiths in the past have used that same power.
When either Rashek or a Twinborn like Miles, how does he fuel his metalminds? Does he have to actually burn the gold in order to fuel them? Because, I feel like there's a paragraph in here where you kind of explained it, but I feel like you didn't actually say that you had to burn more gold in order to fill a metalmind. Is that how that works?
Yes. You can cross the streams and use one to power the other. But you are using the metal to power your Feruchemy instead of your own-- You're using, basically, the power that's coming through the metal...
So you do have to be burning one the whole time? Sounds good, good to know. So you could just infinitely fill it, basically? As you burn, you just use it to fill it and it just gets-- and that's where that comes from?
Yep. You are burning a metalmind that you've already filled, right? That's the key there. You fill a metalmind, then you burn that, and what that does is it keys the metalmind to the Feruchemy instead. Which normally no one can do because you could-
You can't do both.
Yeah. But if you can do both, you fill a metalmind, you burn that metalmind. What comes out of it is Feruchemical power instead, and you then are filling the metalmind with more.
So Allomancy is fueled by the power of the Shard. So what you're doing is you're powering your Feruchemy with the power of the Shard, instead of your own body. Using their Investiture instead of yours. Which is very dangerous.
Is Sja-anat-- Is she wearing a chiton, like a Greek chiton?
I'll RAFO that.
Has Hoid visited the Nightwatcher and received a boon?
Hoid has spoken with the Nightwatcher.
Do the singers predate the highstorms?
The singers and the highstorms are-- The highstorms-- Let's say no. Trying to decide which one came first. They were created, right? But the highstorms were created as part of Roshar, as well. The highstorms predate humans arriving. Highstorms predate the Shattering of Adonalsium.
Do larkins have gemhearts?
RAFO. You can assume that Rosharan creatures have some sort of gemheart, generally. That is not 100% but you can assume it's a thing they'll have. But I will RAFO specifics.
Are there types of Investiture that the larkin can't consume?
Yes, I would say that there are, but it's going to depend on the state they're in. Pure Investiture, a larkin is always going to probably be able to grab, but lots of people can get pure Investiture. Kinetic Investiture they're are gonna have a good chance at being able to grab, but they can't get everything.
How many people, about, were sent visions by the Stormfather?
The Stormfather? It was less than ten. Fewer than ten.
Is there a spren for the Everstorm?
RAFO. Good question.
How are the floating cities in Ashyn held aloft?
By local magic... So basically, I can tell you how it works, because I'm not saving any secrets here.
One of the diseases gives this power. The reason it's called The Silence Divine is right now, the way I've devised it, is this power also causes hearing loss. So you have this virus that does this weird thing, but also gives you the power. And so there's a conclave of them, a chorus of them that keep the cities aloft. And that's why the book, if or when I write it, I guess it can't be a virus in this case. Whatever disease they have, someone develops penicillin and can potentially cause the city to come crashing down. That was the premise for me, but that means it needs to be a bacteria, not a virus but it needs to be a bacteria that stays with you long, so I have to work out exactly how I would make these diseases work.
How many kings have had a Wit?
It is common for a king to have a Wit.
Has Hoid been more than just Elhokar and Jasnah's Wit?
He has been. Most Wits, historically, were a little more fool-like, more court-jestery. Wit does not think highly of that. But there have been others in the past that were more like what he would think what a Wit should be.
